The nail and hair units are both hard keratin generating organs that share many commonalities with respect to their embryogenesis, anatomy, and co-involvement in various diseases 3, 4. The nail plate is composed by maturation and keratinization of the cells from the nail matrix and attached to the nail bed, which may also contribute to the nail formation 2. The epithelial components include the nail matrix, nail bed, and nail plate. It is comprised of epithelial and subjacent mesenchymal elements 1.
#J FLOW HAIR AND NAIL SKIN#
The nail unit is one of the major skin appendages. In addition, we demonstrated RSPO4 was overexpressed in the fibroblasts of onychomatricoma and LGR6 was highly expressed at the basal layer of the overlying epithelial component, suggesting that onychofibroblasts may play an important role in the pathogenesis of onychomatricoma. RSPO4 + onychofibroblasts were distributed at close proximity with LGR6 + nail matrix, leading to WNT/β-catenin activation. SPINK6 expression distinguished the nail-specific keratinocytes from epidermal keratinocytes. BMP-5 was also expressed in onychofibroblasts implicating the contribution of BMP signaling. In situ RNA hybridization demonstrated the localization of RSPO4, MSX1 and WIF1 in onychofibroblasts suggesting the activation of WNT signaling.
Single-cell RNAseq with 11,541 cells from 4 extra digits revealed nail-specific mesenchymal and epithelial cell populations, characterized by RSPO4 (major gene in congenital anonychia) and SPINK6, respectively. Here, we studied transcriptome profiles of human nail units using polydactyly specimens. Research on human nail tissue has been limited by the restricted access to fresh specimen.
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